Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Books-
Cogan, Neil H. “Amendment 1-Free Speech and Free Press Clauses.” The Complete Bill of Rights The Drafts, Debates, Sources, & Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print. (This 700-plus page primary resource assembles the drafts, debates, sources and origins of the Bill of Rights. I concentrated substantially on Chapter 2 which covers the Free Speech and Free Press clauses of the First Amendment. The chapter contains the original, intermediate and final drafts of the First Amendment as considered by Congress in 1789. It also includes discussions of drafts and proposals, suggestions from State conventions, State Constitutions, newspapers and letters and diary entries of the founding fathers. From this source, I quoted various drafts of the First Amendment as well as letters between the leaders of that time period.)
Goodale, James C. Fighting for the Press. New York: CUNY Journalism Press, 2013. Print. (This book is a first-hand account of James Goodale, chief counsel to The New York Times, on the decision to the publish the Pentagon Papers and the intense legal battle that ended at the United States Supreme Court. This was an excellent resource for understanding the day-to-day decisions and strategies The New York Times considered as it reacted to the legal challenges regarding the publication of top secret material. In addition to recounting the story behind the Pentagon Papers, Mr. Goodale details the similarity of today’s conflicts between the press and the government. He concludes that the fight for freedom of the press is constant. I used many quotes from his book relating to press freedoms.)
Interviews-
Abrams, Floyd. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 7 Feb. 2014.
(Floyd Abrams is considered the preeminent First Amendment lawyer. He has argued frequently at the United States Supreme Court, and was part of the legal team representing The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case. Mr. Abrams has also represented several journalists in leak investigations. He has written and spoken extensively on the First Amendment. He has taught and lectured at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, Yale Law School and Columbia Law School. In 2011, Yale Law School announced the formation of The Floyd Abrams Institute for Freedom of Expression which is dedicated to First Amendment scholarship. Similar to the Goodale interview, in this interview I was able to explore a variety of topics related to freedom of the press, including the inside story of the Pentagon Papers case, interpretation of the First Amendment, other Supreme Court cases and the new issues that have emerged around the rights and responsibilities of the press and national secrecy. Mr. Abrams informed me and taught me about the competing views of the First Amendment. I used several quotes from this interview. The transcript from this 45-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements.)
Goodale, James C. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 1 Feb. 2014.
(James Goodale is the former General Counsel and Vice President of The New York Times. He has represented The New York Times in all four of its cases before the United States Supreme Court. In the Pentagon Papers case, he is credited for winning the internal debate on whether the top secret documents could be published. Mr. Goodale created a First Amendment bar association for lawyers representing media companies. Since 1996, he has hosted and produced a half hour TV show covering media and legal issues, and he has written over 200 articles on media law and press freedom for many publications. In April 2013, he published a book, Fighting for the Press: The Inside Story of the Pentagon Papers and Other Battles. In this interview, I was able to explore a variety of topics related to freedom of the press, including the inside story of the Pentagon Papers case, interpretation of the First Amendment, other Supreme Court cases and the new issues that have emerged around national secrecy. Mr. Goodale was also able to provide me with some resources for my website. He provided me with the telegram that Attorney General John Mitchell sent to the Times asking the paper to halt further publication and to return the documents to the government. Second, Mr. Goodale provided me with the affidavit of Max Frankel which details the interaction between the press and the government regarding national security secrets. I used quotes from this interview to get a specific view on the case. The transcript from this 35-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements)
Goss, Porter J. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 3 Feb. 2014.
(Porter J. Goss has spent his life gathering and protecting national security secrets. He was the highest ranking leader at the Central Intelligence Agency and was the Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee during his 16 years in the United States Congress. From 1962 until 1972, he was a clandestine service officer with the Central Intelligence Agency, and also served as a U.S. Army Intelligence officer from 1960 to 1962. In this interview, I was able to grasp more fully the government’s position on protecting national security and why the First Amendment should not be an absolute right to publish all material. This was a very valuable resource. Most of the available material is produced by the press. Therefore, the opportunity to speak with an experienced intelligence officer was extraordinarily valuable. I used quotes from this interview to have a different point of view. The transcript from this 45-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements)
Documents-
Attorney General Levi Memorandum to President Ford. 29 May 1975.
(This memo describes for the President of the United States various options to pursue journalists and stop national security leaking. It shows how the government was exploring ways to protect secrets after the Pentagon Papers case. I used this memo on my Impacts page.)
Affidavit of Max Frankel New York Times v. United States. 17 June 1971.
(This affidavit was submitted by The New York Times in the legal battles of the Pentagon Papers case. It explained how the government and the press interact, and how classified information was routinely disclosed. This was provided to me by James Goodale, and I used it in my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Attorney General Mitchell Telegram to the New York Times. 14 June 1971.
(The telegram to The New York Times asked them to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers and return the documents to the government. I used this on my Nixon Administration page.)
Defense Security Service, Counter Intelligence Directorate "Insider Threat: Combating the ENEMY Within Your Organization." dss.mil. Defense Security System. Web. 8 March 2014 (The McClatchy article on the Insider Threat Program had a hyperlink to this document.)
Executive Order 13587 “Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of Classified Networks and the Responsible Sharing and Safeguarding of Classified Information” Obama, Barack. whitehouse.gov. The White House, 07 October 2011. Web. 3 March 2014 (This Executive Order contains policies for protecting classified information. The McClatchy article on the Insider Threat Program had a hyperlink to this document.)
Intelligence Community Directive 119. "Media Contacts." 20 March 2014. Web. 7 May 2014.
(This directive establishes Intelligence Community policy on media contacts.)
New York Times Company v. United States. 403 U.S. 713 (1971).
(This is the legal opinion of the United States Supreme Court which decided that the newspapers could not be restrained from publishing the Pentagon Papers, but that the government could punish those responsible for the release of classified information if laws had been broken. The Court decided the issue by a vote of 6-3. The opinion is considered unusual because each of the nine justices wrote individual opinions. In my webpage, I quoted portions of each justice’s opinion.)
Presidential Memorandum. "National Insider Threat Policy and Minimum Standards for Executive Branch Insider Threat Programs” Obama, Barack. whitehouse.gov. The White House, 21 November 2012. Web. 3 March 2014. (This White house Memorandum describes the insider Threat Program for Exextive Branch Departments. I used a quote from this memorandum on my Impact page.)
Special Report of the Committee to Protect Journalists. “The Obama Administration and the Press – Leak investigations and surveillance in post 9-11 America.” Downie, Leonard, Jr. “In Obama’s War on Leaks, Reporters Fight Back.” cpj.org Committee to Protect Journalists, 10 October 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014 (This 26-page special report details how the aggressive prosecution of leakers and broad Executive branch surveillance programs scare people from talking to journalists. This source was excellent to show the impacts on journalism. I used statistical information from this source to create my charts and for quotes on my Impacts page.)
United States v. New York Times Company, 444 F.2d 544 (2nd Circuit 1971).
(This is the very short legal opinion of the United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, which disagreed with Judge Gurfein in the District Court and wanted him to review the Pentagon Papers more closely to determine whether publication of the material would be a “grave and immediate danger to the security of the United States.” The vote of the court was 5-3. The New York Times appealed this decision to the Supreme Court.)
United States v. New York Times Company, 328 F. Supp 324 (S.D.N.Y. 1971).
(This is the legal opinion of Judge Gurfein in the trial court which denied the government’s request to enjoin The New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers. For my website, I used a quote from this case which states the importance of a free press.)
United States v. The Washington Post Company, 446 F.2d 1327 (D.C. Circuit. 1971).
(This is the legal opinion of the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. This opinion involved The Washington Post, who started publishing the Pentagon Papers after The New York Times was restrained during its trial with the government. The government then moved to restrain the Post from publishing. By a vote of 7-2 this opinion agreed with Judge Gessell in the District Court that the government could not restrain publication. This case was joined with the Times’ case and they went to the Supreme Court together.)
Online News Articles-
Aftergood, Steven. "Intelligence Directive Bars Unauthorized Contacts with News Media." blogs.fas.org. Secrecy News. 21 April 2014. Web. 6 May 2014. (This article describes how the Director of National Intelligence is cracking down on employee contacts with the news media.)
Armitage, Susan. "James Goodale: It’s a Bad Time for Press Freedoms." cjr.org. Columbia Journalism Review, 19 March 2013. Web. 15 January 2014. (This is a Question and Answer interview article with James Goodale who is described as the “father of the reporter’s privilege”.)
Astore, William. "Everything is Secret, So Don’t Bother Asking." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 19 July 2012. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. (This article discusses the rapid increase in the classification of documents. I used statistical information from this article to compile my chart on my Impact page.)
Baker, Peter, and Elen Barry. "Leaker’s Flight Raises Tension Between U.S. and 3 Nations." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2014. (This article details the United States’ efforts to have Edward Snowden returned to the country after he leaked secrets and escaped to other countries.)
Belluck, Pam. "Reporter Convicted for Refusing to Give Identity of a Source." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 Nov. 2004. Web. 16 January 2014. (This article covers the case of a Rhode Island television reporter who was convicted of criminal contempt for refusing to identify his sources.)
Bell, Debra.“The Pentagon Papers: Precursor to NSA Spying Scandal.” usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report, 13 June 2013. Web. 17 January 2014. (This article is written on the 42nd anniversary of the publication of the Pentagon Papers, retells the history and compares the story with the leaking of classified information by Edward Snowden.)
Bloomberg News. "N.Y. Times Reporter Must Testify on Book Source, Court Rules." Articles.latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, 19 July 2013. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Bumsted, Brad, and Boren, Jeremy. "Controversies over Journalist Phone Records Reignite Calls for Federal Media Shield Law." TribLIVE.com. The Pittsburgh Tibune-Review, 08 June 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses how a reporter shield law proposal is being revived by free-press advocates due to the Justice Department’s subpoenaing the Associated Press’s phone lines.)
Calderone, Michael. "'Reporter's Privilege' Under Fire From Obama Administration Amid Broader War On Leaks." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 18 May 2012. Web. 06 February 2014. (This article describes the legal arguments and in court proceeding in the James Risen appeal.)
Carr, David, and Ravi Somaiya. "Assange, Back in News, Never Left U.S. Radar." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. (This article discusses a criminal case against Julian Assange for leaking government secrets and quotes James Goodale about the case.)
Downie, Leonard, Jr. “In Obama’s War on Leaks, Reporters Fight Back.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 4 October 2013. Web. 13 January 2014. (This article written by the former editor of The Washington Post details how journalists are changing their news gathering behavior because of the leak investigations by the Obama administration.)
Fournier, Ron. "POLITICS 7 Reasons Why the Media Shouldn't Keep Eric Holder's Secrets." NationalJournal.com. National Journal, 30 May 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. (This article describes how journalism works in Washington and the differences between “on the record., “on background” and “off the record.”)
Gerstein, Josh. "Court Reignites Reporters' Privilege Controversy." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 19 July 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses the reporters’ privilege and a 2-1 decision of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals which requires James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Hosenball, Mark. "Senate Intelligence panel to reconsider anti-leak plan." reuters.com. Reuters. 3 August 2012. Web. 6 May 2014.
(This article describes Senate proposals on anti-leak programs.)
Hurley, Lawrence. "Reporters' Groups Offer Cautious Praise For New DOJ Journalism Guidelines." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 13 July 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses how The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Newspaper Association of America support changes to new Justice Department guidelines. However, these reporters’ groups do not think the changes are enough.)
Johnson, Carrie. "Justice's Rules Mean Reporter Need Not Testify, Lawyer Says." NPR.org. National Public Radio, 18 July 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article describes how James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, says that the new Justice Department guidelines permit his refusal to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Landay, Jonathan S. "US intelligence chief bars unauthorized contacts with reporters on all intel–related matters." mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC. 21 April 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. (This article describes how James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, says his employees cannot have any unauthorized contact with the media.)
Linzer, Dafna. “A Year Later, Goss’s CIA is Still in Turmoil.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 19 October 2005. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article describes problems at the CIA and the job Porter Goss is doing. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Liptak, Adam. "Reporters Put Under Scrutiny in CIA Leak." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 28 Sept. 2004. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This article discusses efforts to force journalists to testify in a case where the identity of a CIA agent was leaked. The article quotes James Goodale and mentions the Branzburg/Caldwell case.)
Marimow, Ann E. "A Rare Peek into a Justice Department Leak Probe." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 May 2013. Web. 22 January 2014. (This article details the procedures the government has taken to investigate leaks of classified information.)
Matthews, Mark. “How Safe are We?.” orlandosentinel.com. Orlando Sentinel, 6 September 2006. Web. 15 Jan 2014
(This article examines our safety on the 5th anniversary of 9/11. It is presented in a question and answer format with Porter Goss and former U.S. Senator Bob Graham of Florida. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Miller, Zeke J. "Echoes of Julian Assange in Edward Snowden’s Latest Comments." swampland.time.com. TIME Magazine, 17 June 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the similarities between leakers Edward Snowden and Julian Assange from WikiLeaks)
Miller, Zeke J. "Five Changes to Justice Department Guidelines Designed To Protect Reporters Comments." swampland.time.com. TIME Magazine, 12 July 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses changes to the Justice Department’s guidelines that are designed to protect national security and journalists.)
Osnos, Peter. "Decades After the Pentagon Papers, the Press Is Still Under Assault." theatlantic.com. The Atlantic, 14 May 2013. Web. 09 January 2014. (This article compares the Pentagon Papers and modern journalism. James Goodale’s book, Fighting for the Press, is detailed and quoted extensively in this article.)
Pilkington, Ed. "Journalist James Risen Ordered to Testify in CIA Leaker Trial." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 19 July 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official. The article quotes the objections of many free press advocates.)
Pincus, Walter. “Senators May Seek Tougher Law on Leaks.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 17 February 2006. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article covers a Senate hearing considering anti-leak legislation. In the article, Porter J. Goss is quoted saying that he hopes that journalists who report leaks will be put before grand juries and forced to reveal their sources. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Roston, Aram. "Five Questions For The NYT's James Risen: I Will Go to Jail if I Have To." vocativ.com. Vocativ. 15 Jan 2014. Web. 8 March 2014 (This is Q&A format interview with New York Times reporter, James Risen, who is fighting a subpoena in a leak case. I used a portion of a Mr. Risen quote on my Impact page.)
Rottman, Gabe. "DOJ Tactics Reveal Need For Stronger Shield Law." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 04 June 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article details that a new, strong reporters’ shield law should be passed to protect journalist from recent efforts by the Justice Department.)
Richmann, Deb. “Clinton Vetoes Classified Leaks Bill.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 4 November 2000. Web. 18 2014.
(This article details how President Clinton vetoed anti-leak legislation that passed Congress because he was concerned with freedom of the press. The article quotes Porter Goss as saying the veto sends a dangerous signal to those who would harm our country. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Savage, Charlie. “Court Rejects Appeal Bid by Writer in Leak Case.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 15 October 2013.
(This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals denied James Risen’s request for the full court to consider his appeal.)
Savage, Charlie. "Court Tells Reporter to Testify in Case of Leaked C.I.A. Data." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 July 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official. The article also mentions Judith Miller, another New York Times reporter, who went to jail for 85 days in 2005 for refusing to testify in another leak case. Ms. Miller was represented by Floyd Abrams.)
Scherer, Michael. "The Geeks Who Leak." content.time.com. TIME Magazine, 24 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses how a young group of computer geeks called “hacktivists” are changing how the government protects its national security secrets.)
Schick, Davis. "Federal Shield Law Could Skip over Student Media." usatoday.com. USA Today, 30 May 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes how some media, like student journalists, would not be covered by the newly-introduced reporters’ shield law.)
Schwab, Nikki. "QA: The Father of the Reporter's Privilege." usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report, 07 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 January 2014. (This is a Question and Answer interview article with James Goodale who is described as the “father of the reporter’s privilege.”)
Serrano, Richard A. “Holder Defends Subpoena of Journalists’ Phone Records.” latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2013. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article discussed Attorney General’s Eric Holder’s defense of the Justice Department’s decision to subpoena journalists’ phone records in a leak investigation. He described the leak as one of the most serious and dangerous he had ever seen.)
Shafer Jack. "The top spooks stupid gag order." blogs.reuters.com. Reuters. 21 April 2014. Web. 6 May 2014.
(The article describes how Directive 119 is being put into action by Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper.)
Shane, Scott. "Increases in the Number of Documents Classified by the Government” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 03 Jul. 2005. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the rapid increase in the classification of documents. I used statistical information from this article to compile my chart on my Impact page.)
Stearns, Josh. "Acts of Journalism and the Espionage Act." BoingBoing.net. Boing Boing, 28 June 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses journalism and the Espionage Act, the 42nd anniversary of the Pentagon Papers case and seven leak prosecutions by the Obama administration. James Goodale is quoted in the article.)
Sullivan, Margaret. “Protecting a Source, James Risen Takes His Case to the Supreme Court.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 13 January 2014. Web. 14 January 2014. (This article describes how James Risen appealed to the United States Supreme Court to ask that he can be protected from revealing his confidential source.)
Taylor, Marisa, and Landay, Jonathan S. “Obama’s Crackdown Views Leaks as Aiding Enemies of U.S.” mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC, 20 June 2013. Web. 8 March 2014. (This article details the government’s Insider Threat Program and efforts by the Obama administration to stop leaks. This on-line article linked me to Executive Orders and a Defense Security service flyer that I used on my Impact page. It also provided an Insider Threat logo that I used on the same page.)
The Editorial Board. "Why Is That A Secret?" NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2014.
(This editorial discusses the Obama Administration’s use of the Espionage Act in leak cases and the increased use of the classification system. I used statistical information from this editorial to create my charts on my Impact page.)
Weiner, Rachel. "Would a Media Shield Law Have Protected the AP?" washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 15 May 2013. Web. 18 January 2014. (This article analyzes the reporters’ shield law and how much it would protect journalists.)
Weiner, Tim. “Bill Seeks to Ease Secrecy Overload” NYTimes.com. The New York Times. May 8, 1997. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This article details legislation being considered that would solve the problem of over classification of secret documents. The legislation would also cover when and how classified documents become public.)
Wemple, Erik. "Should the Justice Department Drop Its Subpoena of James Risen?" washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 July 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses the James Risen matter and details the landmark Branzburg/Caldwell case regarding journalists’ testimony, and questions whether the Justice Department should abandon its effort to force the journalist to testify.)
Wemple, Erik. "James Risen Asks Justice to Drop Subpoena." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 07 Aug. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. (This article details James Risen’s formal request for the Justice Department to withdraw its subpoena to him because of the new journalist guidelines it adopted.)
Wheaton, Sarah. "Times Reporter Seeks Subpoena’s Withdrawal." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 07 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article details James Risen’s formal request for the Justice Department to withdraw its subpoena to him because of the new journalist guidelines it adopted.)
Newspaper Articles-
Gorman Shobhan. "Spy Agencies Are Told to Plug Media Leaks." 22 April 2014. Wall Street Journal. Print. 7 May 2014.
(This article details the new polices developed by the National Intelligence Director to keep employees away from the media.)
Liptak, Adam. "In Rulings, Spy vs. Leaker - - Traditional View of the First Amendment Is Being Revised as Cases Are Prosecuted." The New York Times 3 Aug. 2013: Print. (This article discusses how the First Amendment is being reformed as courts continue to interpret it in leak cases. It also compares the Pentagon Papers case to today’s issues James Goodale and Floyd Abrams are quoted in the article. This article is accessible on my Moving Forward page.)
Savage Charlie. "Intelligence Chief Issues Limits on Press Contacts. The New York Times. 22 April 2014. Print. 6 May 2014.
(The article describes why national intelligence is stopping media contact.)
The Nation: Ellsberg: The Battle Over the Right to Know. time.com TIME Magazine. 5 July 1971. Web. 27 January 2014.
(This primary source article covers many important details about Daniel Ellsberg, his obtaining the Pentagon Papers and his decision to release them.)
The Nation: Pentagon Papers: The Secret War. time.com TIME Magazine. 28 June 1971.
(This primary source article details the leaking of the Pentagon Papers and the in-depth details of the top secret study and its conclusions. I used the cover of this magazine on my publication page. I used a Daniel Ellsberg’s quote from this article.)
Websites and Webpages-
Blanton, Thomas S. The Pentagon Papers: Secrets, Lies and Audiotapes. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This primary source contains several excellent resources related to the Pentagon Papers case. The complete Pentagon Papers are available here. The Supreme Court legal briefs, opinion, argument transcripts and audio are available. A user can also listen to and read transcripts of telephone calls between President Nixon and his aides regarding the publication of the Pentagon Papers. I used the audio of the Nixon phone calls and the Supreme Court argument for my website. I used quotes from the audio and legal battle to enhance my website. This was an excellent source.)
Excerpts from Remarks by Director of Central Intelligence Porter J. Goss. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. portergoss.com March 2, 2005. Web. Jan. 2014. (This website contains biographical information on Porter J. Goss including text and video of speeches and links to some news articles. I used this web site to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Kurland, Philip B. and Lerner, Ralph, The Founders Constitution. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
(This website contains an anthology of the reasons and political arguments of the drafters in the adoption of the Constitution. I concentrated on the “Amendment I (Speech and Press)” section which contains several primary sources including letters and articles before and during the adoption of the Bill of Rights. Many of these sources were also found in the Neil Cogan book.)
"Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press." http://www.rcfp.org. Web. 15 January 2014.
(This website provided articles and quotes that I used in my site. The RCFP was one of the first organizations to be formed to protect the press in response to the Nixon Administration.)
“New York Times v. United States” oyez.org. U.S. Supreme Court Oyez. Web. 16 January 2014.
(The Oyez Project is a multimedia archive that contains over 7,000 hours of United States Supreme Court audio and a photo tour of portions of the Supreme Court building. I used this website along with others to access audio portions of the Supreme Court argument. This site was helpful in identifying which judges were speaking and asking questions during the oral argument.)
“News War.” pbs.org. PBS. Web. 15 January 2014.
(News War is a four-part program produced by FRONTLINE, PBS’s public affairs series. News War examines various forces challenging the news media, and how the press has reacted. The series traces the history of journalism from the Pentagon Papers case and President Nixon’s attacks on the media to the challenges presented by the war on terror and the role of the press in our society. The web site contains 270 minutes of the video program, over 60 interview transcripts with major players in the debate about the media’s role in society today, and nine special sections under the heading “Secrets, Sources & Spin.” This web site was one of my most valuable resources. The program provided valuable historic material on conflicts between the press and the government over the issue of publishing top secret and sensitive material. It shaped my opinions and conclusion and provided me search ideas that led me to other materials. I used quotes from this website and documentary throughout my website.)
Top Secret: The Battle for the Pentagon Papers. USC Annenberg. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(This is a resource page relating to a “docudrama” play about the Pentagon Papers case. It details the documents, the leakers, the court cases and the key players involved in the historic event).
Images-
Anthony Lewis. Photograph. n.d. cpj.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this portrait of Anthony Lewis to show who he is. I used this on my Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Behind Bars. Image. n.d. theamericanreader.com. 8 March 2014.
(More and more reporters are going to jail for doing their jobs. I used this image to compliment a James Risen quote I used.)
Burger Court. n.d. Photograph. law2.umck.org. Web. 04 February 2014. ]
(This photograph shows all the members of the Supreme Court during the Pentagon Papers case. I used this on my A Victory at the Supreme Court page.)
Chief Justice Warren Burger. Photograph. n.d. biography.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Chief Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger. I used it on the Justice’s Opinion page.)
Committee to Protect Journalists. Logo. n.d. nyoobserver.files.wordpress.com. 8 March 2014.
(In 1981, the CPJ was founded by United States reporters to protect journalists and keep the power balanced between the government and its citizens. This logo helped me to show the different programs that are helping reporters. I used this in a collection of images on my Impact page.)
Constitutional Convention. Painting. n.d. TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This is a painting of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia. I used this image on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Dana Priest. Photograph. n.d. cencom.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this picture next to her quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Daniel Ellsberg’s Charges Dismissed. Newspaper. n.d. graphics8.nytimes.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is a newspaper article stating Daniel Ellsberg’s charges were dismissed. I used this on the Daniel Ellsberg page in my Publication section.)
Daniel Ellsberg with Reporters. Photograph. n.d. dailycaller.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(Reporters gathered around Mr. Ellsberg. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg Questioned by Reporters. Photograph. n.d. media.syracuse.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This photograph is of Daniel Ellsberg surrounded by reporters. I used this on my home page.)
Daniel Ellsberg at Interview. Photograph. yris.yria.org. n.d. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This photograph is of Daniel Ellsberg at an interview. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg with Family. Photograph. n.d. cache.boston.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(Ellsberg with his family leaving the court. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg Surrounded by Reporters. Photograph. n.d. cache.boston.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(I used this on my Publication page.)
David Szandy. Photograph. n.d. intelligence.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Edmund Ranolph. Painting. n.d. virginiamemory.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This is a painting of Founding Father Edmund Randolph. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
First Amendment Center. Logo. n.d. 5freedomfest.blogspot.com. 8 March 2014.
(The Center was created to educate citizens about our rights and responsibilities covered by the First Amendment. The logo was used in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Freedom of the Press Foundation. Logo. n.d. media.boingboing.net. 8 March 2014.
(The Foundation was formed to support and protect journalists from government prosecution. They also try to help journalist strengthen their rights and responsibilities. This logo was used in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Floyd Abrams. Photograph. n.d. cdn.journalism.cuny..edu. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this portrait of Floyd Abrams on my Interpreting the First Amendment.)
Gavel. Photograph. n.d. clker.com. Web. 03 February 2014.
(This is a picture of a gavel to signify a legal battle. I used this on the Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Insider Threat Program. Image. n.d.media.mcclatchydc.com. 8 March 2014.
(The Insider Threat Program is a new, controversial Executive Branch program. I used the image on my Impacts page.)
James Goodale. Photograph. n.d. thecommongood.net. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
James Madison. Painting. n.d. visitingdc.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of James Madison. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
John Mitchell. Photograph. n.d. nixonlibrary.gov. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This is a picture of Attorney General John Mitchell. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
Justice Byron White. Photograph. n.d. constitutioncenter.org Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Byron White. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice George Sutherland. Photograph. n.d. scmlaw.com. Web 12 Feb 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland. I used this on Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Justice Harry Blackmun. Photograph. n.d. law2.unkc.edu. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Hugo Black. Photograph. n.d. supremecourtopinions.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice John Harlan. Photograph. n.d. nndb.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice John Harlan. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Lewis Brandeis. Photograph. n.d. newrepublic.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This portrait showed Justice Brandeis. I used this on my Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Justice Potter Stewart. Photograph. n.d. bradwarthern.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Thurgood Marshall. Photograph. n.d. chnm.gmu.edu. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice William Brennan. Photograph. n.d. supremecourtopinions.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice William Brennan. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice William Douglas. Photograph. n.d. npr.org. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice William Douglas. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Max Frankel. Photograph. n.d. rescue.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This is a portrait of Max Frankel. I used this on my my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Neil Sheehan. Photograph. n.d. achvievement.org. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This photo shows Neil Sheehan working. I used this on my New York Times page.)
Newsweek Magazine Cover “NY Times Win. n.d. media.tumblr.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is the cover of Newsweek Magazine after The New York Times won the Pentagon Papers case. I used it in the A Win at the Supreme Court page.)
Nixon Administration. Photograph. n.d. ascj.web.org Web. 06 February 2014.
(This is a photograph of Nixon and his close advisors. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
Nixon, Kissinger and Haig. Photograph. n.d. blogs.kcrw.com. Web. 06 February 2014.
(This picture of Nixon and his advisors Henry Kissinger and Al Haig is used on the Publication page.)
Nixon on Telephone. Photograph. n.d. archives.gov. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This is a photograph of President Nixon on a call. I used this on the home page.)
Nixon Pointing. Photograph. n.d. statecolumn.com. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This photograph is of President Nixon. I used it on the Nixon Administration page.)
Nixon With Advisors. Photograph. n.d. nixondetached.com. Web. 20 January 2014.
(Nixon conversing with his advisors. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
New York Times Front Page Pentagon Papers. Newspaper. n.d. ellsberg.net. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This was The New York Times’ first installment of the Pentagon Papers stories. I used it on my home page and in my website header.)
New York Times Newsroom. Photograph. wordpress.com. n.d. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This photo shows how the newsroom works. I used this on my New York Times page.)
New York Times “Supreme Court Rules 6-3’. Newspaper. n.d. wordpress.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is a newspaper article stating The New York Times won the Pentagon Papers case. I used this on the A Victory at the Supreme Court page.)
New York Times at Interview. Photograph. n.d. amazonaws.com. Web. 29 January 2014.
(The New York Times’ publisher, general counsel and managing editor at a press conference. I used this on my Publication page.)
Porter Goss. Photograph. n.d. newsimgbbc.co.uk. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used his picture next to Mr. Goss’s quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Reporters Committee For a Free Press . Logo. n.d. sunshineweek.rcfp.org. 8 March 2014.
(The RCFP was formed in 1970 when many journalists began to be subpoenaed. Their mission is to protect reporters’ First Amendment rights. I used this logo in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Reporter's Privilege Map. Image. rcfp.com. 8 March 2014.
(Almost every state has a reporter shield law. I used the map on my Impacts page to show which states do, which don't and the continued effort for a federal shield law.)
Scales of Justice. Photograph. n.d. legaladvantagehrsolutions.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This helped me to showcase the courts’ weighing of rights and responsibilities. I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Signing of Constitution. Painting. n.d. angelfire.com. Web. 05 February 2014.
(This painting shows the delegates gathered to sign the Constitution. I used this on my First Amendment page.)
Sir William Blackstone. Painting. n.d. tate.org.uk. 06 February 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of Sir William Blackstone, an English jurist who influenced many Founding Fathers. I used it on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Steven Aftergood.Photograph. n.d. pbs.org Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Supreme Court. Photograph. n.d. addictinginfo.org. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a photograph of the outside of the Supreme Court. I used this on my home page.)
Supreme Court courtroom. Photograph. n.d. old-picture.com. Web. 27 January 2014.
(This is the inside of the Supreme Court. I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Thomas Jefferson. Painting. n.d. biography.com. Web. 10 Feb 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of Thomas Jefferson. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
Typewriter. Photograph. n.d. collinslanguage.com. Web. 31 January 2014.
(This was to show how reporters used to type their stories. I used this on the First Amendment page.)
Vietnam Protesters. Photograph. n.d. blogspot.com. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This shows Vietnam protesters on the streets with signs. I used this on my home page.)
William Bradford Reynolds. Photograph. n.d. bakerbotts.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this picture next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Videos-
“Abrams at National Constitution Center.” youtube.com. YouTube. 30 January 2014. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between Floyd Abrams and Jeffrey Rosen, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Constitution Center. Mr. Abrams discusses his book, Friend of the Court and the First Amendment. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
“Anthony Lewis on C-SPAN Booknotes” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 20 October 1991. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between Anthony Lewis and Brian Lamb of C-Span. Mr. Lewis discusses his book, Make No Law and presents a history of the First Amendment. I watched this video before I read portions of Make No Law so I would have a better understanding of the material.)
“CIA Director Announcement” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 10 August 2004. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows President George W. Bush announcing his nomination of Porter J. Goss for Director of the CIA. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Goss.)
“Famed Attorney Floyd Abrams.” Fox News Radio. Fox News. 21 May 2013. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This video shows a Fox News Radio interview of Floyd Abrams. Mr. Abrams discusses the First Amendment and his book, Friend of the Court. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Abrams.)
“Floyd Abrams.” Charlie Rose Interview. charlierose.com. Charlie Rose Show. 03 June 2014 Web. 02 February 2014.
(This video shows a Charlie Rose interview with Floyd Abrams. Mr. Abrams discusses the First Amendment and his book, Friend of the Court. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Abrams.)
“Goodale at the City Club of Cleveland” youtube.com. YouTube. 12 April 2013. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a speech by James Goodale to the City Club of Cleveland. Mr. Goodale discusses his book, Fighting for the Press. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goodale.)
“Goodale at Chicago Tribune Printers Row Lit Fest in Chicago.” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 9 June 2013. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between James Goodale and Edward Lazarus, Executive Vice President/General Counsel to the Tribune Company. Mr. Goodale discusses his book, Fighting for the Press. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goodale.)
The Pentagon Papers Case: Supreme Court Descision.” youtube.com YouTube. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a panel discussion between Daniel Ellsberg, Max Frankel, James Goodale, David Rudenstine and George Freeman. The discuss the Pentagon Papers case in-depth from their personal experience. I used a Max Frankel quote from this video on my New York Times page in the Publication section.)
“The Pentagon Papers.” Newseum. youtube.com. YouTube. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This video showed Vietnam protesters, the leak and reactions of The New York Times and the Nixon Administration. I used clips of Daniel Ellsberg and protesters from this video to enhance my website.)
“Porter Goss Remarks on Intelligence and Public Policy.” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 13 September 2012. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows the keynote address of Porter J. Goss at George Mason School of Public Policy on CIA, Congress and the Presidency. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Goss.)
Secondary Sources:
Books-
Ungar, Sanford J. The Papers & The Papers. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc. 1972. Print.
(This book retells the Pentagon Papers case from start to finish including how the documents were obtained by Daniel Ellsberg and given to The New York Times, the reporters who received the leaks and worked on the story, newspaper’s decision to publish the classified information, and the legal battle that followed. This was an excellent resource for providing an overview of the historical event, and was good compliment to Mr. Goodale’s first-hand account.)
Bodenhamer, David J. Our Rights. Annenberg Classroom. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This on-line text book explores our rights under the Constitution. It uses historical case studies to show how our rights have developed over time and how courts have balanced these rights with other concerns. I concentrated on two chapters – Chapter 6 (The Right to Freedom of Speech) and Chapter 7 (The Right to Free Press). The book contained excellent discussion on the founding fathers’ reasoning for the First Amendment and a case study on the Pentagon Papers case. I really liked this resource because it explained the issues at a middle school level. I used quotes from cases included in this book.)
Hall, Kermit and Patrick, John. The Pursuit of Justice. Annenberg Classroom. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This on-line text book analyzes 30 Supreme Court cases chosen by a group of Supreme Court Justices and civics teachers. I concentrated on Chapter 15 (Freedom of the Press and Secrecy) which detailed New York Times Co. v. Sullivan in 1964.
Lewis, Anthony, Make No Law. New York: Random House, 1991. Print.
(Anthony Lewis was a New York Times journalist and columnists who covered the United States Supreme Court. This book explores the First Amendment in connection with the 1964 case of New York Times v. Sullivan. In this source, I concentrated on four chapters (6, 7, 8, 10 and 14) which focus on the adoption of the First Amendment, the passing of the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espionage Act and other free speech cases. I used a Sir William Blackstone quote about freedom of the press from page 53-54. I also quoted Lewis on page 49.)
Online News Articles-
Abrams, Floyd. “Don’t Cry for Julian Assange.” online.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2011. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article, Floyd Abrams argues that Julian Assange, the creator of WikiLeak, should get some First Amendment protection but that he should be punished because he was reckless with some of the secrets he revealed. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Abrams, Floyd. “Why Wiki Leaks Is Unlike the Pentagon Papers.” online.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal, 10 Dec. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article, Floyd Abrams compares Daniel Ellsberg with Julian Assange, the creator of WikiLeaks. He says that they are different because Ellsberg did not leak all the Pentagon Papers and kept some material secret, but that Assange attempted to publish everything. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Abrams, Floyd. “The Pentagon Papers A Decade Later.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times Magazine, June 7, 1981.
(This article looks back at the Pentagon Papers ten years later. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams, but it was also helpful to understand the history of the event.)
Bever, Lindsey. "James Risen's Risk of Prison Means Journalism Is Being Criminalised." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 10 Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. (This article describes how acts of national security journalism are being turned into crimes in violation of the First Amendment. I used a portion of a James Risen quote from this article on my Impacts page.)
Bonner, Raymond. “White House is Divided Over Measure to Tighten Security on Government information.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 31 Oct. 2000. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. (This article details the White House debate over whether President Clinton should veto anti-leak legislation that passed Congress. The article quotes Porter Goss and his position that the bill should be allowed to become law. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss. I also used a quote of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan about overclassification on my Impact page.)
Boughton, Kathryn. "Pentagon Papers Attorney James Goodale of Washington Looks Back in New Book - L C T Monthly - The Litchfield County Times." Countytimes.com. Litchfield County Times, 26 Apr. 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (This article details the release of James Goodale’s book, Fighting for the Press, and discusses the publication of the Pentagon Papers.)
Byers, Dylan. "DOJ Official Leaks Info on Leak Guidelines." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 12 July 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses how the Justice Department leaked details of its new guidelines for dealing reporters before they were formally announced.)
Carr, David. "Blurred Line Between Espionage and Truth." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 26 Feb. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses national security reporting and the impact of leak prosecutions.)
Fresh Air. "Greenwald on NSA Leaks: 'We've Erred On The Side Of Excess Caution.'" npr.org. National Public Radio. 14 May 2014. Web. 18 May 2014. (This article details Snowden's leakage on the NSA security programs.)
Fung, Brian. "Lindsey Graham Isn't Sure If Bloggers Deserve 'First Amendment Protection'" nationaljournal.com. National Journal, 5 June 2013. Web. 04 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the debate over a reporters’ shield law and who should be covered.)
Gerstein, Josh. "5 Stubborn Leak Myths." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 9 July 2013. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
(This article lists five misunderstandings about national security leaks.)
Goldenberg, Suzanne. “The Guardian Profile: Porter Goss” Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 12 August 2004. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This article details Porter Goss and his nomination to be the CIA Director. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Goodale, James C. "Pentagon Papers Lawyer James Goodale: It’s Time for Eric Holder to Resign." thedailybeast.com.The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 30 May 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. (James Goodale argues that Attorney General Eric Holder should resign from his office because of the way he has interpreted the First Amendment and has treated journalists.)
Goss, Porter J. “Loose Lips Sink Spies.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 10 Feb.2006. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article Porter Goss details the dangers of revealing secrets to the press. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Goss, Porter J. “Security Before Politics.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 25 April 2009. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article Porter Goss discusses how Congress oversees national intelligence programs and is informed about them. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Greenwald, Glenn. "The Major Sea Change in Media Discussions of Obama and Civil Liberties." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 15 May 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. (This article describes the political debate on freedom of the press. It discusses the feelings of Obama supporters.)
Harris, Shane. “Silencing the Squeaky Wheels.” nationaljournal.com. National Journal, 27 April 2006. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes new policies at the CIA for agents who want to discuss their jobs in books and articles. The article mentions Porter Goss and the CIA’s effort to prevent leaks of classified information to journalists. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Horwitz, Sari. "Under Sweeping Subpoenas, Justice Department Obtained AP Phone Records in Leak Investigation." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 13 May 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. (This article describes a broad, unprecedented subpoena of Associated Press phone records, and quotes several outraged free press advocates.)
Hunt, Albert R. "Distortions That Still Require Decisive Action." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 May 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes scandals in the Obama administration including the actions against reporters. The article mentions and quotes James Goodale.)
Jehl, Douglas. “Chief of CIA Tells His Staff to Back Bush.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 17 Nov. 2004. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes Porter Goss’s leadership at the CIA. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Lee, Timothy B. "Everything You Need to Know about Obama’s War on Leakers in One FAQ." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 25 May 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. (This articled details “Obama’s War on Leakers” in a question and answer format.)
Liptak, Adam. "In Leak Cases, New Pressure On Journalists." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 30 Apr. 2006. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses the Pentagon Papers case and Justice White’s and Justice’s Stewart’s position that newspapers can be charged after they publish classified information. The article quotes James Goodale.)
Liptak, Adam. “A Justice’s Scribbles on Journalistic Rights.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 7 Oct. 2007. Web. 16 January 2014.
(This article details personal notes of Justice Lewis Powell in the Caldwell/Branzburg case. The article shows a photo of his hand-written notes that he wanted a reporters’ privilege. This article related well to a section of the News War documentary.)
Lozare, Nicole. “Fourth Circuit Deals Blow to First Amendment in Risen Decision.” rfcp.org. Reporters Committee for Freedom of The Press. Web. 20 Jan 2014. (This article discusses the reporters’ privilege and a 2-1 decision of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals which requires James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Mackey, Maureen. "For Snowden, the Punishment Should Fit the Crime." thefiscaltimes.com. The Fiscal Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (In this article, James Goodale compares government secrecy in the digital age.)
Marimow, Ann E. "Justice Department’s Scrutiny of Fox News Reporter James Rosen in Leak Case Draws Fire." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 May 2013. Web. 30 Jan 2014. (This article details the outrage of the press community of the Justice Department’s classification of James Rosen, a Fox News reporter, as a “co-conspirator” criminal in a leak investigation.)
Paulson, Ken. "Federal Shield Law Gathering New Fans." RGJ.com. Gannett, 7 June 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses how a reporter shield law proposal is being revived due to the Justice Department’s subpoenaing the Associated Press’s phone lines)
Peterson, Emily. “WikiLeaks and the Espionage Act of 1917.” rfcp.org. Reporters Committee for Freedom of The Press. Web. 24 Feb 2014.
(This article discusses whether Congress can make it a crime for journalists to publish classified information.)
Priest, Dada, and Arkin, William M. “A Hidden World, Growing Beyond Control.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 19 July 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2014 (This investigative report explores the increased spending and growth of “Top Secret America” that is hidden from the public.)
Rosen, Jeffrey, “Speaking Freely”: Your Right to Say It.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 17 April 2005. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
(This article was a book review of Floyd Abrams’s book, Speaking Freely. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Savage, Charlie. “Intelligence Chief Announces New Rules to Curb Leaks.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 25 June 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the CIA can use lie-detector tests on employees to determine who is leaking classified information to the media. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Schorr, Daniel. “We Pay a High Price for Government Secrecy.” csmonitor.com. The Christian Science Monitor, 28 March 1997. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (In this opinion article the author argues that the public’s right to know is more important than government secrecy.)
Shane, Scott. "There Are Leaks. And Then There Are Leaks." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 30 Apr. 2006. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses security leaks and the different feelings people have about them depending on what is revealed.)
Shane, Scott. “Inquiry Into U.S. Leaks is Casting Chill Over Coverage.” NYTimes.com. The New New York Times, 01 August 2012 Web. 15 Jan. 2014 (This article details how the media is changing its reporting because it is fearful of the leak investigations.)
Solomon, Norman. "Obama's Escalating War on Freedom of the Press." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 22 July 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. (This editorial argues that the Obama administration is intensifying a battle against journalists to “choke off” the necessary flow of information to the public.)
Sullivan, Margaret. "A Blow for the Press, and for Democracy." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 27 July 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.
(This article details the press community’s disappointment with the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling and describes how news gathering is threatened.)
Swift, Aisling. “Former CIA Director Goss Talks About CIA in Rare Public Appearance in Naples.” napelsnews.com. Naples News, 19 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (This article describes a town hall meeting Porter Goss conducted in Naples, Florida. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
The Editorial Board. "A Terrible Precedent for Press Freedom." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 22 July 2014. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(This editorial calls the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in the James Risen case “egregious” and describes how it is a major setback to press freedom.)
Timm, Trevor. “Court Guts Reporter's Privilege in One of the Most Significant Press Freedom Cases in Decades." Pressfreedomfoundation.org. Freedom of the Press Foundation, 20 July 2013. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses the James Risen matter and contends that the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals “eviscerated” the reporters’ privilege.)
Newspaper Articles-
Fitzpatrick, Edward. "Actions Speak Louder Than Words on Press Freedoms." The Providence Journal 23 July 2013: B1. Print.
(This article compares Attorney General Eric Holder’s statement supporting a reporters’ shield law with the legal action he took in the James Risen matter.)
Sununu, John E.. "Wasting Time Defining ‘Journalist’." The Boston Globe 19 Aug. 2013, Opinion sec.: Print.
(In this opinion article a former United States Senator discusses the difficulty in drafting a reporters’ shield law.)
The Editorial Board. "Those AP Subpoenas." The Wall Street Journal 17 May 2013, Review and Outlook sec.: A14. Print.
(This editorial argues that instead of prosecuting leakers that the press and the media should negotiate about publishing sensitive material. It also argues against a reporter’s shield law. This article is accessible on my Moving Forward page.)
Websites and Webpages-
“Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press.” Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press. Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. (This website described about how the Founding Fathers came up with the idea of the First Amendment. It contained research that explained history of the First Amendment.)
“Freedom of the Press History.” 1 FAC Illinois First Amendment Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This online resource contains research relating to the “five freedoms” of the First Amendment (speech, press, religion, petition and assembly.) I concentrated on freedom of the press material.)
Database Articles-
“Freedom of the Press” West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman. 2nd Ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 503-505. U.S. History in Context. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. (This online database compared different historical press cases and explains the cases opinions. It discussed how the cases have influenced the First Amendment.)
“Pentagon Papers.” The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Vietnam War. Jeff T. Hay. Ed. Charles Zappia. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. 229-230 U.S. History in Context Wed 15 Jan. 2014. (This database article described the scene of the Pentagon Papers. It also details the leakage and why Daniel Ellsberg leaked the information.)
Images-
American Flag. Animation. n.d. flaginternational.com. 11 February 2014.
(This is an animation of the American flag. I used this on my Conclusion Page.)
Bill of Rights. Animation. n.d. freethefirst.com. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This is the Bill of Rights. I used it on my First Amendment page.)
Bill of Rights Scroll. Animation. n.d. teamamericus.com. Web. 04 February 2014.
(This animation show the sroll of a Bill of Rights. I used this on my First Amendment page.)
Blogspot. Logo. n.d. kasab.org. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Blogspot a blogging website. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Classified Stamp. Animation. n.d. thedailysheeple.com. Web. 01 February 2014.
(The classified stamp was to symbol the information was classified. I used this on my home page.)
Colonial Flag. Animation. n.d. blogspot.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This animation is the colonial flag. I used it on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Democracy Held Up by Newspapers. Cartoon. n.d. greengirlinc.files.wordpress.com. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This cartoon symbolized my title. I used it on my home page.)
Google. Logo. n.d. iconfinder.com. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Google. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Press Hat. Animation. n.d. aiche.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this photo for decoration. This is on the Moving Forward page)
Reporter. Cartoon. n.d. inlandpolitics.com. Web. 15 January 2014.
(I used this cartoon to symbolize investigative reporting. This is on the home page.)
Supreme Court Crest. Logo. n.d. equalvoiceforfamilies.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page for decoration.)
Twitter. Logo. n.d. prconversations.com. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Twitter. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Wordpress. Logo. n.d. s.w.org. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Wordpress a blogging website. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
YouTube. Logo. n.d. ukharp.net. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of YouTube I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Primary Sources:
Books-
Cogan, Neil H. “Amendment 1-Free Speech and Free Press Clauses.” The Complete Bill of Rights The Drafts, Debates, Sources, & Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print. (This 700-plus page primary resource assembles the drafts, debates, sources and origins of the Bill of Rights. I concentrated substantially on Chapter 2 which covers the Free Speech and Free Press clauses of the First Amendment. The chapter contains the original, intermediate and final drafts of the First Amendment as considered by Congress in 1789. It also includes discussions of drafts and proposals, suggestions from State conventions, State Constitutions, newspapers and letters and diary entries of the founding fathers. From this source, I quoted various drafts of the First Amendment as well as letters between the leaders of that time period.)
Goodale, James C. Fighting for the Press. New York: CUNY Journalism Press, 2013. Print. (This book is a first-hand account of James Goodale, chief counsel to The New York Times, on the decision to the publish the Pentagon Papers and the intense legal battle that ended at the United States Supreme Court. This was an excellent resource for understanding the day-to-day decisions and strategies The New York Times considered as it reacted to the legal challenges regarding the publication of top secret material. In addition to recounting the story behind the Pentagon Papers, Mr. Goodale details the similarity of today’s conflicts between the press and the government. He concludes that the fight for freedom of the press is constant. I used many quotes from his book relating to press freedoms.)
Interviews-
Abrams, Floyd. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 7 Feb. 2014.
(Floyd Abrams is considered the preeminent First Amendment lawyer. He has argued frequently at the United States Supreme Court, and was part of the legal team representing The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case. Mr. Abrams has also represented several journalists in leak investigations. He has written and spoken extensively on the First Amendment. He has taught and lectured at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, Yale Law School and Columbia Law School. In 2011, Yale Law School announced the formation of The Floyd Abrams Institute for Freedom of Expression which is dedicated to First Amendment scholarship. Similar to the Goodale interview, in this interview I was able to explore a variety of topics related to freedom of the press, including the inside story of the Pentagon Papers case, interpretation of the First Amendment, other Supreme Court cases and the new issues that have emerged around the rights and responsibilities of the press and national secrecy. Mr. Abrams informed me and taught me about the competing views of the First Amendment. I used several quotes from this interview. The transcript from this 45-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements.)
Goodale, James C. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 1 Feb. 2014.
(James Goodale is the former General Counsel and Vice President of The New York Times. He has represented The New York Times in all four of its cases before the United States Supreme Court. In the Pentagon Papers case, he is credited for winning the internal debate on whether the top secret documents could be published. Mr. Goodale created a First Amendment bar association for lawyers representing media companies. Since 1996, he has hosted and produced a half hour TV show covering media and legal issues, and he has written over 200 articles on media law and press freedom for many publications. In April 2013, he published a book, Fighting for the Press: The Inside Story of the Pentagon Papers and Other Battles. In this interview, I was able to explore a variety of topics related to freedom of the press, including the inside story of the Pentagon Papers case, interpretation of the First Amendment, other Supreme Court cases and the new issues that have emerged around national secrecy. Mr. Goodale was also able to provide me with some resources for my website. He provided me with the telegram that Attorney General John Mitchell sent to the Times asking the paper to halt further publication and to return the documents to the government. Second, Mr. Goodale provided me with the affidavit of Max Frankel which details the interaction between the press and the government regarding national security secrets. I used quotes from this interview to get a specific view on the case. The transcript from this 35-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements)
Goss, Porter J. Telephone Interview by Bridget Bernardo. 3 Feb. 2014.
(Porter J. Goss has spent his life gathering and protecting national security secrets. He was the highest ranking leader at the Central Intelligence Agency and was the Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee during his 16 years in the United States Congress. From 1962 until 1972, he was a clandestine service officer with the Central Intelligence Agency, and also served as a U.S. Army Intelligence officer from 1960 to 1962. In this interview, I was able to grasp more fully the government’s position on protecting national security and why the First Amendment should not be an absolute right to publish all material. This was a very valuable resource. Most of the available material is produced by the press. Therefore, the opportunity to speak with an experienced intelligence officer was extraordinarily valuable. I used quotes from this interview to have a different point of view. The transcript from this 45-minute interview is shortened significantly to abide by the word requirements)
Documents-
Attorney General Levi Memorandum to President Ford. 29 May 1975.
(This memo describes for the President of the United States various options to pursue journalists and stop national security leaking. It shows how the government was exploring ways to protect secrets after the Pentagon Papers case. I used this memo on my Impacts page.)
Affidavit of Max Frankel New York Times v. United States. 17 June 1971.
(This affidavit was submitted by The New York Times in the legal battles of the Pentagon Papers case. It explained how the government and the press interact, and how classified information was routinely disclosed. This was provided to me by James Goodale, and I used it in my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Attorney General Mitchell Telegram to the New York Times. 14 June 1971.
(The telegram to The New York Times asked them to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers and return the documents to the government. I used this on my Nixon Administration page.)
Defense Security Service, Counter Intelligence Directorate "Insider Threat: Combating the ENEMY Within Your Organization." dss.mil. Defense Security System. Web. 8 March 2014 (The McClatchy article on the Insider Threat Program had a hyperlink to this document.)
Executive Order 13587 “Structural Reforms to Improve the Security of Classified Networks and the Responsible Sharing and Safeguarding of Classified Information” Obama, Barack. whitehouse.gov. The White House, 07 October 2011. Web. 3 March 2014 (This Executive Order contains policies for protecting classified information. The McClatchy article on the Insider Threat Program had a hyperlink to this document.)
Intelligence Community Directive 119. "Media Contacts." 20 March 2014. Web. 7 May 2014.
(This directive establishes Intelligence Community policy on media contacts.)
New York Times Company v. United States. 403 U.S. 713 (1971).
(This is the legal opinion of the United States Supreme Court which decided that the newspapers could not be restrained from publishing the Pentagon Papers, but that the government could punish those responsible for the release of classified information if laws had been broken. The Court decided the issue by a vote of 6-3. The opinion is considered unusual because each of the nine justices wrote individual opinions. In my webpage, I quoted portions of each justice’s opinion.)
Presidential Memorandum. "National Insider Threat Policy and Minimum Standards for Executive Branch Insider Threat Programs” Obama, Barack. whitehouse.gov. The White House, 21 November 2012. Web. 3 March 2014. (This White house Memorandum describes the insider Threat Program for Exextive Branch Departments. I used a quote from this memorandum on my Impact page.)
Special Report of the Committee to Protect Journalists. “The Obama Administration and the Press – Leak investigations and surveillance in post 9-11 America.” Downie, Leonard, Jr. “In Obama’s War on Leaks, Reporters Fight Back.” cpj.org Committee to Protect Journalists, 10 October 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014 (This 26-page special report details how the aggressive prosecution of leakers and broad Executive branch surveillance programs scare people from talking to journalists. This source was excellent to show the impacts on journalism. I used statistical information from this source to create my charts and for quotes on my Impacts page.)
United States v. New York Times Company, 444 F.2d 544 (2nd Circuit 1971).
(This is the very short legal opinion of the United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, which disagreed with Judge Gurfein in the District Court and wanted him to review the Pentagon Papers more closely to determine whether publication of the material would be a “grave and immediate danger to the security of the United States.” The vote of the court was 5-3. The New York Times appealed this decision to the Supreme Court.)
United States v. New York Times Company, 328 F. Supp 324 (S.D.N.Y. 1971).
(This is the legal opinion of Judge Gurfein in the trial court which denied the government’s request to enjoin The New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers. For my website, I used a quote from this case which states the importance of a free press.)
United States v. The Washington Post Company, 446 F.2d 1327 (D.C. Circuit. 1971).
(This is the legal opinion of the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. This opinion involved The Washington Post, who started publishing the Pentagon Papers after The New York Times was restrained during its trial with the government. The government then moved to restrain the Post from publishing. By a vote of 7-2 this opinion agreed with Judge Gessell in the District Court that the government could not restrain publication. This case was joined with the Times’ case and they went to the Supreme Court together.)
Online News Articles-
Aftergood, Steven. "Intelligence Directive Bars Unauthorized Contacts with News Media." blogs.fas.org. Secrecy News. 21 April 2014. Web. 6 May 2014. (This article describes how the Director of National Intelligence is cracking down on employee contacts with the news media.)
Armitage, Susan. "James Goodale: It’s a Bad Time for Press Freedoms." cjr.org. Columbia Journalism Review, 19 March 2013. Web. 15 January 2014. (This is a Question and Answer interview article with James Goodale who is described as the “father of the reporter’s privilege”.)
Astore, William. "Everything is Secret, So Don’t Bother Asking." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 19 July 2012. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. (This article discusses the rapid increase in the classification of documents. I used statistical information from this article to compile my chart on my Impact page.)
Baker, Peter, and Elen Barry. "Leaker’s Flight Raises Tension Between U.S. and 3 Nations." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2014. (This article details the United States’ efforts to have Edward Snowden returned to the country after he leaked secrets and escaped to other countries.)
Belluck, Pam. "Reporter Convicted for Refusing to Give Identity of a Source." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 Nov. 2004. Web. 16 January 2014. (This article covers the case of a Rhode Island television reporter who was convicted of criminal contempt for refusing to identify his sources.)
Bell, Debra.“The Pentagon Papers: Precursor to NSA Spying Scandal.” usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report, 13 June 2013. Web. 17 January 2014. (This article is written on the 42nd anniversary of the publication of the Pentagon Papers, retells the history and compares the story with the leaking of classified information by Edward Snowden.)
Bloomberg News. "N.Y. Times Reporter Must Testify on Book Source, Court Rules." Articles.latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, 19 July 2013. Web. 09 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Bumsted, Brad, and Boren, Jeremy. "Controversies over Journalist Phone Records Reignite Calls for Federal Media Shield Law." TribLIVE.com. The Pittsburgh Tibune-Review, 08 June 2013. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses how a reporter shield law proposal is being revived by free-press advocates due to the Justice Department’s subpoenaing the Associated Press’s phone lines.)
Calderone, Michael. "'Reporter's Privilege' Under Fire From Obama Administration Amid Broader War On Leaks." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 18 May 2012. Web. 06 February 2014. (This article describes the legal arguments and in court proceeding in the James Risen appeal.)
Carr, David, and Ravi Somaiya. "Assange, Back in News, Never Left U.S. Radar." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. (This article discusses a criminal case against Julian Assange for leaking government secrets and quotes James Goodale about the case.)
Downie, Leonard, Jr. “In Obama’s War on Leaks, Reporters Fight Back.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 4 October 2013. Web. 13 January 2014. (This article written by the former editor of The Washington Post details how journalists are changing their news gathering behavior because of the leak investigations by the Obama administration.)
Fournier, Ron. "POLITICS 7 Reasons Why the Media Shouldn't Keep Eric Holder's Secrets." NationalJournal.com. National Journal, 30 May 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. (This article describes how journalism works in Washington and the differences between “on the record., “on background” and “off the record.”)
Gerstein, Josh. "Court Reignites Reporters' Privilege Controversy." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 19 July 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses the reporters’ privilege and a 2-1 decision of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals which requires James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Hosenball, Mark. "Senate Intelligence panel to reconsider anti-leak plan." reuters.com. Reuters. 3 August 2012. Web. 6 May 2014.
(This article describes Senate proposals on anti-leak programs.)
Hurley, Lawrence. "Reporters' Groups Offer Cautious Praise For New DOJ Journalism Guidelines." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 13 July 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses how The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Newspaper Association of America support changes to new Justice Department guidelines. However, these reporters’ groups do not think the changes are enough.)
Johnson, Carrie. "Justice's Rules Mean Reporter Need Not Testify, Lawyer Says." NPR.org. National Public Radio, 18 July 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article describes how James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, says that the new Justice Department guidelines permit his refusal to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Landay, Jonathan S. "US intelligence chief bars unauthorized contacts with reporters on all intel–related matters." mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC. 21 April 2014. Web. 5 May 2014. (This article describes how James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, says his employees cannot have any unauthorized contact with the media.)
Linzer, Dafna. “A Year Later, Goss’s CIA is Still in Turmoil.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 19 October 2005. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article describes problems at the CIA and the job Porter Goss is doing. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Liptak, Adam. "Reporters Put Under Scrutiny in CIA Leak." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 28 Sept. 2004. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This article discusses efforts to force journalists to testify in a case where the identity of a CIA agent was leaked. The article quotes James Goodale and mentions the Branzburg/Caldwell case.)
Marimow, Ann E. "A Rare Peek into a Justice Department Leak Probe." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 May 2013. Web. 22 January 2014. (This article details the procedures the government has taken to investigate leaks of classified information.)
Matthews, Mark. “How Safe are We?.” orlandosentinel.com. Orlando Sentinel, 6 September 2006. Web. 15 Jan 2014
(This article examines our safety on the 5th anniversary of 9/11. It is presented in a question and answer format with Porter Goss and former U.S. Senator Bob Graham of Florida. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Miller, Zeke J. "Echoes of Julian Assange in Edward Snowden’s Latest Comments." swampland.time.com. TIME Magazine, 17 June 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the similarities between leakers Edward Snowden and Julian Assange from WikiLeaks)
Miller, Zeke J. "Five Changes to Justice Department Guidelines Designed To Protect Reporters Comments." swampland.time.com. TIME Magazine, 12 July 2013. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses changes to the Justice Department’s guidelines that are designed to protect national security and journalists.)
Osnos, Peter. "Decades After the Pentagon Papers, the Press Is Still Under Assault." theatlantic.com. The Atlantic, 14 May 2013. Web. 09 January 2014. (This article compares the Pentagon Papers and modern journalism. James Goodale’s book, Fighting for the Press, is detailed and quoted extensively in this article.)
Pilkington, Ed. "Journalist James Risen Ordered to Testify in CIA Leaker Trial." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 19 July 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official. The article quotes the objections of many free press advocates.)
Pincus, Walter. “Senators May Seek Tougher Law on Leaks.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 17 February 2006. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article covers a Senate hearing considering anti-leak legislation. In the article, Porter J. Goss is quoted saying that he hopes that journalists who report leaks will be put before grand juries and forced to reveal their sources. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Roston, Aram. "Five Questions For The NYT's James Risen: I Will Go to Jail if I Have To." vocativ.com. Vocativ. 15 Jan 2014. Web. 8 March 2014 (This is Q&A format interview with New York Times reporter, James Risen, who is fighting a subpoena in a leak case. I used a portion of a Mr. Risen quote on my Impact page.)
Rottman, Gabe. "DOJ Tactics Reveal Need For Stronger Shield Law." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 04 June 2013. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article details that a new, strong reporters’ shield law should be passed to protect journalist from recent efforts by the Justice Department.)
Richmann, Deb. “Clinton Vetoes Classified Leaks Bill.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. 4 November 2000. Web. 18 2014.
(This article details how President Clinton vetoed anti-leak legislation that passed Congress because he was concerned with freedom of the press. The article quotes Porter Goss as saying the veto sends a dangerous signal to those who would harm our country. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Savage, Charlie. “Court Rejects Appeal Bid by Writer in Leak Case.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 15 October 2013.
(This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals denied James Risen’s request for the full court to consider his appeal.)
Savage, Charlie. "Court Tells Reporter to Testify in Case of Leaked C.I.A. Data." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 July 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official. The article also mentions Judith Miller, another New York Times reporter, who went to jail for 85 days in 2005 for refusing to testify in another leak case. Ms. Miller was represented by Floyd Abrams.)
Scherer, Michael. "The Geeks Who Leak." content.time.com. TIME Magazine, 24 June 2013. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses how a young group of computer geeks called “hacktivists” are changing how the government protects its national security secrets.)
Schick, Davis. "Federal Shield Law Could Skip over Student Media." usatoday.com. USA Today, 30 May 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes how some media, like student journalists, would not be covered by the newly-introduced reporters’ shield law.)
Schwab, Nikki. "QA: The Father of the Reporter's Privilege." usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report, 07 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 January 2014. (This is a Question and Answer interview article with James Goodale who is described as the “father of the reporter’s privilege.”)
Serrano, Richard A. “Holder Defends Subpoena of Journalists’ Phone Records.” latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2013. Web. 15 January 2014. (This article discussed Attorney General’s Eric Holder’s defense of the Justice Department’s decision to subpoena journalists’ phone records in a leak investigation. He described the leak as one of the most serious and dangerous he had ever seen.)
Shafer Jack. "The top spooks stupid gag order." blogs.reuters.com. Reuters. 21 April 2014. Web. 6 May 2014.
(The article describes how Directive 119 is being put into action by Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper.)
Shane, Scott. "Increases in the Number of Documents Classified by the Government” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 03 Jul. 2005. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the rapid increase in the classification of documents. I used statistical information from this article to compile my chart on my Impact page.)
Stearns, Josh. "Acts of Journalism and the Espionage Act." BoingBoing.net. Boing Boing, 28 June 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses journalism and the Espionage Act, the 42nd anniversary of the Pentagon Papers case and seven leak prosecutions by the Obama administration. James Goodale is quoted in the article.)
Sullivan, Margaret. “Protecting a Source, James Risen Takes His Case to the Supreme Court.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 13 January 2014. Web. 14 January 2014. (This article describes how James Risen appealed to the United States Supreme Court to ask that he can be protected from revealing his confidential source.)
Taylor, Marisa, and Landay, Jonathan S. “Obama’s Crackdown Views Leaks as Aiding Enemies of U.S.” mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy DC, 20 June 2013. Web. 8 March 2014. (This article details the government’s Insider Threat Program and efforts by the Obama administration to stop leaks. This on-line article linked me to Executive Orders and a Defense Security service flyer that I used on my Impact page. It also provided an Insider Threat logo that I used on the same page.)
The Editorial Board. "Why Is That A Secret?" NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2014.
(This editorial discusses the Obama Administration’s use of the Espionage Act in leak cases and the increased use of the classification system. I used statistical information from this editorial to create my charts on my Impact page.)
Weiner, Rachel. "Would a Media Shield Law Have Protected the AP?" washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 15 May 2013. Web. 18 January 2014. (This article analyzes the reporters’ shield law and how much it would protect journalists.)
Weiner, Tim. “Bill Seeks to Ease Secrecy Overload” NYTimes.com. The New York Times. May 8, 1997. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This article details legislation being considered that would solve the problem of over classification of secret documents. The legislation would also cover when and how classified documents become public.)
Wemple, Erik. "Should the Justice Department Drop Its Subpoena of James Risen?" washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 July 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses the James Risen matter and details the landmark Branzburg/Caldwell case regarding journalists’ testimony, and questions whether the Justice Department should abandon its effort to force the journalist to testify.)
Wemple, Erik. "James Risen Asks Justice to Drop Subpoena." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 07 Aug. 2014. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. (This article details James Risen’s formal request for the Justice Department to withdraw its subpoena to him because of the new journalist guidelines it adopted.)
Wheaton, Sarah. "Times Reporter Seeks Subpoena’s Withdrawal." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 07 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article details James Risen’s formal request for the Justice Department to withdraw its subpoena to him because of the new journalist guidelines it adopted.)
Newspaper Articles-
Gorman Shobhan. "Spy Agencies Are Told to Plug Media Leaks." 22 April 2014. Wall Street Journal. Print. 7 May 2014.
(This article details the new polices developed by the National Intelligence Director to keep employees away from the media.)
Liptak, Adam. "In Rulings, Spy vs. Leaker - - Traditional View of the First Amendment Is Being Revised as Cases Are Prosecuted." The New York Times 3 Aug. 2013: Print. (This article discusses how the First Amendment is being reformed as courts continue to interpret it in leak cases. It also compares the Pentagon Papers case to today’s issues James Goodale and Floyd Abrams are quoted in the article. This article is accessible on my Moving Forward page.)
Savage Charlie. "Intelligence Chief Issues Limits on Press Contacts. The New York Times. 22 April 2014. Print. 6 May 2014.
(The article describes why national intelligence is stopping media contact.)
The Nation: Ellsberg: The Battle Over the Right to Know. time.com TIME Magazine. 5 July 1971. Web. 27 January 2014.
(This primary source article covers many important details about Daniel Ellsberg, his obtaining the Pentagon Papers and his decision to release them.)
The Nation: Pentagon Papers: The Secret War. time.com TIME Magazine. 28 June 1971.
(This primary source article details the leaking of the Pentagon Papers and the in-depth details of the top secret study and its conclusions. I used the cover of this magazine on my publication page. I used a Daniel Ellsberg’s quote from this article.)
Websites and Webpages-
Blanton, Thomas S. The Pentagon Papers: Secrets, Lies and Audiotapes. The National Security Archive, The George Washington University. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This primary source contains several excellent resources related to the Pentagon Papers case. The complete Pentagon Papers are available here. The Supreme Court legal briefs, opinion, argument transcripts and audio are available. A user can also listen to and read transcripts of telephone calls between President Nixon and his aides regarding the publication of the Pentagon Papers. I used the audio of the Nixon phone calls and the Supreme Court argument for my website. I used quotes from the audio and legal battle to enhance my website. This was an excellent source.)
Excerpts from Remarks by Director of Central Intelligence Porter J. Goss. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. portergoss.com March 2, 2005. Web. Jan. 2014. (This website contains biographical information on Porter J. Goss including text and video of speeches and links to some news articles. I used this web site to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Kurland, Philip B. and Lerner, Ralph, The Founders Constitution. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
(This website contains an anthology of the reasons and political arguments of the drafters in the adoption of the Constitution. I concentrated on the “Amendment I (Speech and Press)” section which contains several primary sources including letters and articles before and during the adoption of the Bill of Rights. Many of these sources were also found in the Neil Cogan book.)
"Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press." http://www.rcfp.org. Web. 15 January 2014.
(This website provided articles and quotes that I used in my site. The RCFP was one of the first organizations to be formed to protect the press in response to the Nixon Administration.)
“New York Times v. United States” oyez.org. U.S. Supreme Court Oyez. Web. 16 January 2014.
(The Oyez Project is a multimedia archive that contains over 7,000 hours of United States Supreme Court audio and a photo tour of portions of the Supreme Court building. I used this website along with others to access audio portions of the Supreme Court argument. This site was helpful in identifying which judges were speaking and asking questions during the oral argument.)
“News War.” pbs.org. PBS. Web. 15 January 2014.
(News War is a four-part program produced by FRONTLINE, PBS’s public affairs series. News War examines various forces challenging the news media, and how the press has reacted. The series traces the history of journalism from the Pentagon Papers case and President Nixon’s attacks on the media to the challenges presented by the war on terror and the role of the press in our society. The web site contains 270 minutes of the video program, over 60 interview transcripts with major players in the debate about the media’s role in society today, and nine special sections under the heading “Secrets, Sources & Spin.” This web site was one of my most valuable resources. The program provided valuable historic material on conflicts between the press and the government over the issue of publishing top secret and sensitive material. It shaped my opinions and conclusion and provided me search ideas that led me to other materials. I used quotes from this website and documentary throughout my website.)
Top Secret: The Battle for the Pentagon Papers. USC Annenberg. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(This is a resource page relating to a “docudrama” play about the Pentagon Papers case. It details the documents, the leakers, the court cases and the key players involved in the historic event).
Images-
Anthony Lewis. Photograph. n.d. cpj.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this portrait of Anthony Lewis to show who he is. I used this on my Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Behind Bars. Image. n.d. theamericanreader.com. 8 March 2014.
(More and more reporters are going to jail for doing their jobs. I used this image to compliment a James Risen quote I used.)
Burger Court. n.d. Photograph. law2.umck.org. Web. 04 February 2014. ]
(This photograph shows all the members of the Supreme Court during the Pentagon Papers case. I used this on my A Victory at the Supreme Court page.)
Chief Justice Warren Burger. Photograph. n.d. biography.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Chief Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger. I used it on the Justice’s Opinion page.)
Committee to Protect Journalists. Logo. n.d. nyoobserver.files.wordpress.com. 8 March 2014.
(In 1981, the CPJ was founded by United States reporters to protect journalists and keep the power balanced between the government and its citizens. This logo helped me to show the different programs that are helping reporters. I used this in a collection of images on my Impact page.)
Constitutional Convention. Painting. n.d. TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This is a painting of the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia. I used this image on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Dana Priest. Photograph. n.d. cencom.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this picture next to her quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Daniel Ellsberg’s Charges Dismissed. Newspaper. n.d. graphics8.nytimes.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is a newspaper article stating Daniel Ellsberg’s charges were dismissed. I used this on the Daniel Ellsberg page in my Publication section.)
Daniel Ellsberg with Reporters. Photograph. n.d. dailycaller.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(Reporters gathered around Mr. Ellsberg. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg Questioned by Reporters. Photograph. n.d. media.syracuse.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This photograph is of Daniel Ellsberg surrounded by reporters. I used this on my home page.)
Daniel Ellsberg at Interview. Photograph. yris.yria.org. n.d. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This photograph is of Daniel Ellsberg at an interview. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg with Family. Photograph. n.d. cache.boston.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(Ellsberg with his family leaving the court. I used this on my Ellsberg page.)
Daniel Ellsberg Surrounded by Reporters. Photograph. n.d. cache.boston.com. Web. 18 January 2014.
(I used this on my Publication page.)
David Szandy. Photograph. n.d. intelligence.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Edmund Ranolph. Painting. n.d. virginiamemory.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This is a painting of Founding Father Edmund Randolph. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
First Amendment Center. Logo. n.d. 5freedomfest.blogspot.com. 8 March 2014.
(The Center was created to educate citizens about our rights and responsibilities covered by the First Amendment. The logo was used in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Freedom of the Press Foundation. Logo. n.d. media.boingboing.net. 8 March 2014.
(The Foundation was formed to support and protect journalists from government prosecution. They also try to help journalist strengthen their rights and responsibilities. This logo was used in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Floyd Abrams. Photograph. n.d. cdn.journalism.cuny..edu. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this portrait of Floyd Abrams on my Interpreting the First Amendment.)
Gavel. Photograph. n.d. clker.com. Web. 03 February 2014.
(This is a picture of a gavel to signify a legal battle. I used this on the Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Insider Threat Program. Image. n.d.media.mcclatchydc.com. 8 March 2014.
(The Insider Threat Program is a new, controversial Executive Branch program. I used the image on my Impacts page.)
James Goodale. Photograph. n.d. thecommongood.net. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
James Madison. Painting. n.d. visitingdc.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of James Madison. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
John Mitchell. Photograph. n.d. nixonlibrary.gov. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This is a picture of Attorney General John Mitchell. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
Justice Byron White. Photograph. n.d. constitutioncenter.org Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Byron White. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice George Sutherland. Photograph. n.d. scmlaw.com. Web 12 Feb 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland. I used this on Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Justice Harry Blackmun. Photograph. n.d. law2.unkc.edu. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Hugo Black. Photograph. n.d. supremecourtopinions.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice John Harlan. Photograph. n.d. nndb.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice John Harlan. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Lewis Brandeis. Photograph. n.d. newrepublic.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This portrait showed Justice Brandeis. I used this on my Interpreting the First Amendment page.)
Justice Potter Stewart. Photograph. n.d. bradwarthern.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice Thurgood Marshall. Photograph. n.d. chnm.gmu.edu. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice William Brennan. Photograph. n.d. supremecourtopinions.com. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice William Brennan. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Justice William Douglas. Photograph. n.d. npr.org. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a portrait of Supreme Court Justice William Douglas. I used it on the Justices’ Opinion page.)
Max Frankel. Photograph. n.d. rescue.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This is a portrait of Max Frankel. I used this on my my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Neil Sheehan. Photograph. n.d. achvievement.org. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This photo shows Neil Sheehan working. I used this on my New York Times page.)
Newsweek Magazine Cover “NY Times Win. n.d. media.tumblr.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is the cover of Newsweek Magazine after The New York Times won the Pentagon Papers case. I used it in the A Win at the Supreme Court page.)
Nixon Administration. Photograph. n.d. ascj.web.org Web. 06 February 2014.
(This is a photograph of Nixon and his close advisors. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
Nixon, Kissinger and Haig. Photograph. n.d. blogs.kcrw.com. Web. 06 February 2014.
(This picture of Nixon and his advisors Henry Kissinger and Al Haig is used on the Publication page.)
Nixon on Telephone. Photograph. n.d. archives.gov. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This is a photograph of President Nixon on a call. I used this on the home page.)
Nixon Pointing. Photograph. n.d. statecolumn.com. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This photograph is of President Nixon. I used it on the Nixon Administration page.)
Nixon With Advisors. Photograph. n.d. nixondetached.com. Web. 20 January 2014.
(Nixon conversing with his advisors. I used this on the Nixon Administration page.)
New York Times Front Page Pentagon Papers. Newspaper. n.d. ellsberg.net. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This was The New York Times’ first installment of the Pentagon Papers stories. I used it on my home page and in my website header.)
New York Times Newsroom. Photograph. wordpress.com. n.d. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This photo shows how the newsroom works. I used this on my New York Times page.)
New York Times “Supreme Court Rules 6-3’. Newspaper. n.d. wordpress.com. Web. 25 January 2014.
(This is a newspaper article stating The New York Times won the Pentagon Papers case. I used this on the A Victory at the Supreme Court page.)
New York Times at Interview. Photograph. n.d. amazonaws.com. Web. 29 January 2014.
(The New York Times’ publisher, general counsel and managing editor at a press conference. I used this on my Publication page.)
Porter Goss. Photograph. n.d. newsimgbbc.co.uk. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used his picture next to Mr. Goss’s quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Reporters Committee For a Free Press . Logo. n.d. sunshineweek.rcfp.org. 8 March 2014.
(The RCFP was formed in 1970 when many journalists began to be subpoenaed. Their mission is to protect reporters’ First Amendment rights. I used this logo in a collection of images on my Impacts page.)
Reporter's Privilege Map. Image. rcfp.com. 8 March 2014.
(Almost every state has a reporter shield law. I used the map on my Impacts page to show which states do, which don't and the continued effort for a federal shield law.)
Scales of Justice. Photograph. n.d. legaladvantagehrsolutions.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(This helped me to showcase the courts’ weighing of rights and responsibilities. I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Signing of Constitution. Painting. n.d. angelfire.com. Web. 05 February 2014.
(This painting shows the delegates gathered to sign the Constitution. I used this on my First Amendment page.)
Sir William Blackstone. Painting. n.d. tate.org.uk. 06 February 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of Sir William Blackstone, an English jurist who influenced many Founding Fathers. I used it on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Steven Aftergood.Photograph. n.d. pbs.org Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this image next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Supreme Court. Photograph. n.d. addictinginfo.org. Web. 19 January 2014.
(This is a photograph of the outside of the Supreme Court. I used this on my home page.)
Supreme Court courtroom. Photograph. n.d. old-picture.com. Web. 27 January 2014.
(This is the inside of the Supreme Court. I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page.)
Thomas Jefferson. Painting. n.d. biography.com. Web. 10 Feb 2014.
(This is a painted portrait of Thomas Jefferson. I used this on my Adoption of the Constitution page.)
Typewriter. Photograph. n.d. collinslanguage.com. Web. 31 January 2014.
(This was to show how reporters used to type their stories. I used this on the First Amendment page.)
Vietnam Protesters. Photograph. n.d. blogspot.com. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This shows Vietnam protesters on the streets with signs. I used this on my home page.)
William Bradford Reynolds. Photograph. n.d. bakerbotts.com. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this picture next to his quote on the Moving Forward page.)
Videos-
“Abrams at National Constitution Center.” youtube.com. YouTube. 30 January 2014. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between Floyd Abrams and Jeffrey Rosen, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Constitution Center. Mr. Abrams discusses his book, Friend of the Court and the First Amendment. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
“Anthony Lewis on C-SPAN Booknotes” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 20 October 1991. Web. 18 January 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between Anthony Lewis and Brian Lamb of C-Span. Mr. Lewis discusses his book, Make No Law and presents a history of the First Amendment. I watched this video before I read portions of Make No Law so I would have a better understanding of the material.)
“CIA Director Announcement” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 10 August 2004. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows President George W. Bush announcing his nomination of Porter J. Goss for Director of the CIA. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Goss.)
“Famed Attorney Floyd Abrams.” Fox News Radio. Fox News. 21 May 2013. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This video shows a Fox News Radio interview of Floyd Abrams. Mr. Abrams discusses the First Amendment and his book, Friend of the Court. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Abrams.)
“Floyd Abrams.” Charlie Rose Interview. charlierose.com. Charlie Rose Show. 03 June 2014 Web. 02 February 2014.
(This video shows a Charlie Rose interview with Floyd Abrams. Mr. Abrams discusses the First Amendment and his book, Friend of the Court. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Abrams.)
“Goodale at the City Club of Cleveland” youtube.com. YouTube. 12 April 2013. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a speech by James Goodale to the City Club of Cleveland. Mr. Goodale discusses his book, Fighting for the Press. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goodale.)
“Goodale at Chicago Tribune Printers Row Lit Fest in Chicago.” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 9 June 2013. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a discussion between James Goodale and Edward Lazarus, Executive Vice President/General Counsel to the Tribune Company. Mr. Goodale discusses his book, Fighting for the Press. I watched this video to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goodale.)
The Pentagon Papers Case: Supreme Court Descision.” youtube.com YouTube. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This video shows a panel discussion between Daniel Ellsberg, Max Frankel, James Goodale, David Rudenstine and George Freeman. The discuss the Pentagon Papers case in-depth from their personal experience. I used a Max Frankel quote from this video on my New York Times page in the Publication section.)
“The Pentagon Papers.” Newseum. youtube.com. YouTube. Web. 20 January 2014.
(This video showed Vietnam protesters, the leak and reactions of The New York Times and the Nixon Administration. I used clips of Daniel Ellsberg and protesters from this video to enhance my website.)
“Porter Goss Remarks on Intelligence and Public Policy.” cspan.org. C-SPAN. 13 September 2012. Web. 01 February 2014.
(This video shows the keynote address of Porter J. Goss at George Mason School of Public Policy on CIA, Congress and the Presidency. I watched this video to prepare for my interview of Mr. Goss.)
Secondary Sources:
Books-
Ungar, Sanford J. The Papers & The Papers. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc. 1972. Print.
(This book retells the Pentagon Papers case from start to finish including how the documents were obtained by Daniel Ellsberg and given to The New York Times, the reporters who received the leaks and worked on the story, newspaper’s decision to publish the classified information, and the legal battle that followed. This was an excellent resource for providing an overview of the historical event, and was good compliment to Mr. Goodale’s first-hand account.)
Bodenhamer, David J. Our Rights. Annenberg Classroom. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This on-line text book explores our rights under the Constitution. It uses historical case studies to show how our rights have developed over time and how courts have balanced these rights with other concerns. I concentrated on two chapters – Chapter 6 (The Right to Freedom of Speech) and Chapter 7 (The Right to Free Press). The book contained excellent discussion on the founding fathers’ reasoning for the First Amendment and a case study on the Pentagon Papers case. I really liked this resource because it explained the issues at a middle school level. I used quotes from cases included in this book.)
Hall, Kermit and Patrick, John. The Pursuit of Justice. Annenberg Classroom. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This on-line text book analyzes 30 Supreme Court cases chosen by a group of Supreme Court Justices and civics teachers. I concentrated on Chapter 15 (Freedom of the Press and Secrecy) which detailed New York Times Co. v. Sullivan in 1964.
Lewis, Anthony, Make No Law. New York: Random House, 1991. Print.
(Anthony Lewis was a New York Times journalist and columnists who covered the United States Supreme Court. This book explores the First Amendment in connection with the 1964 case of New York Times v. Sullivan. In this source, I concentrated on four chapters (6, 7, 8, 10 and 14) which focus on the adoption of the First Amendment, the passing of the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espionage Act and other free speech cases. I used a Sir William Blackstone quote about freedom of the press from page 53-54. I also quoted Lewis on page 49.)
Online News Articles-
Abrams, Floyd. “Don’t Cry for Julian Assange.” online.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2011. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article, Floyd Abrams argues that Julian Assange, the creator of WikiLeak, should get some First Amendment protection but that he should be punished because he was reckless with some of the secrets he revealed. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Abrams, Floyd. “Why Wiki Leaks Is Unlike the Pentagon Papers.” online.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal, 10 Dec. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article, Floyd Abrams compares Daniel Ellsberg with Julian Assange, the creator of WikiLeaks. He says that they are different because Ellsberg did not leak all the Pentagon Papers and kept some material secret, but that Assange attempted to publish everything. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Abrams, Floyd. “The Pentagon Papers A Decade Later.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times Magazine, June 7, 1981.
(This article looks back at the Pentagon Papers ten years later. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams, but it was also helpful to understand the history of the event.)
Bever, Lindsey. "James Risen's Risk of Prison Means Journalism Is Being Criminalised." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 10 Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. (This article describes how acts of national security journalism are being turned into crimes in violation of the First Amendment. I used a portion of a James Risen quote from this article on my Impacts page.)
Bonner, Raymond. “White House is Divided Over Measure to Tighten Security on Government information.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 31 Oct. 2000. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. (This article details the White House debate over whether President Clinton should veto anti-leak legislation that passed Congress. The article quotes Porter Goss and his position that the bill should be allowed to become law. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss. I also used a quote of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan about overclassification on my Impact page.)
Boughton, Kathryn. "Pentagon Papers Attorney James Goodale of Washington Looks Back in New Book - L C T Monthly - The Litchfield County Times." Countytimes.com. Litchfield County Times, 26 Apr. 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (This article details the release of James Goodale’s book, Fighting for the Press, and discusses the publication of the Pentagon Papers.)
Byers, Dylan. "DOJ Official Leaks Info on Leak Guidelines." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 12 July 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2014.
(This article discusses how the Justice Department leaked details of its new guidelines for dealing reporters before they were formally announced.)
Carr, David. "Blurred Line Between Espionage and Truth." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 26 Feb. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses national security reporting and the impact of leak prosecutions.)
Fresh Air. "Greenwald on NSA Leaks: 'We've Erred On The Side Of Excess Caution.'" npr.org. National Public Radio. 14 May 2014. Web. 18 May 2014. (This article details Snowden's leakage on the NSA security programs.)
Fung, Brian. "Lindsey Graham Isn't Sure If Bloggers Deserve 'First Amendment Protection'" nationaljournal.com. National Journal, 5 June 2013. Web. 04 Feb. 2014. (This article discusses the debate over a reporters’ shield law and who should be covered.)
Gerstein, Josh. "5 Stubborn Leak Myths." POLITICO.com. POLITICO, 9 July 2013. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.
(This article lists five misunderstandings about national security leaks.)
Goldenberg, Suzanne. “The Guardian Profile: Porter Goss” Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 12 August 2004. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (This article details Porter Goss and his nomination to be the CIA Director. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Goodale, James C. "Pentagon Papers Lawyer James Goodale: It’s Time for Eric Holder to Resign." thedailybeast.com.The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 30 May 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. (James Goodale argues that Attorney General Eric Holder should resign from his office because of the way he has interpreted the First Amendment and has treated journalists.)
Goss, Porter J. “Loose Lips Sink Spies.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 10 Feb.2006. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article Porter Goss details the dangers of revealing secrets to the press. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Goss, Porter J. “Security Before Politics.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 25 April 2009. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
(In this opinion article Porter Goss discusses how Congress oversees national intelligence programs and is informed about them. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Greenwald, Glenn. "The Major Sea Change in Media Discussions of Obama and Civil Liberties." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 15 May 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. (This article describes the political debate on freedom of the press. It discusses the feelings of Obama supporters.)
Harris, Shane. “Silencing the Squeaky Wheels.” nationaljournal.com. National Journal, 27 April 2006. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes new policies at the CIA for agents who want to discuss their jobs in books and articles. The article mentions Porter Goss and the CIA’s effort to prevent leaks of classified information to journalists. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Horwitz, Sari. "Under Sweeping Subpoenas, Justice Department Obtained AP Phone Records in Leak Investigation." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 13 May 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. (This article describes a broad, unprecedented subpoena of Associated Press phone records, and quotes several outraged free press advocates.)
Hunt, Albert R. "Distortions That Still Require Decisive Action." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 19 May 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes scandals in the Obama administration including the actions against reporters. The article mentions and quotes James Goodale.)
Jehl, Douglas. “Chief of CIA Tells His Staff to Back Bush.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 17 Nov. 2004. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This article describes Porter Goss’s leadership at the CIA. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Lee, Timothy B. "Everything You Need to Know about Obama’s War on Leakers in One FAQ." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 25 May 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. (This articled details “Obama’s War on Leakers” in a question and answer format.)
Liptak, Adam. "In Leak Cases, New Pressure On Journalists." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 30 Apr. 2006. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses the Pentagon Papers case and Justice White’s and Justice’s Stewart’s position that newspapers can be charged after they publish classified information. The article quotes James Goodale.)
Liptak, Adam. “A Justice’s Scribbles on Journalistic Rights.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 7 Oct. 2007. Web. 16 January 2014.
(This article details personal notes of Justice Lewis Powell in the Caldwell/Branzburg case. The article shows a photo of his hand-written notes that he wanted a reporters’ privilege. This article related well to a section of the News War documentary.)
Lozare, Nicole. “Fourth Circuit Deals Blow to First Amendment in Risen Decision.” rfcp.org. Reporters Committee for Freedom of The Press. Web. 20 Jan 2014. (This article discusses the reporters’ privilege and a 2-1 decision of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals which requires James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, to testify in a leak prosecution of a CIA official.)
Mackey, Maureen. "For Snowden, the Punishment Should Fit the Crime." thefiscaltimes.com. The Fiscal Times, 24 June 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (In this article, James Goodale compares government secrecy in the digital age.)
Marimow, Ann E. "Justice Department’s Scrutiny of Fox News Reporter James Rosen in Leak Case Draws Fire." washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 20 May 2013. Web. 30 Jan 2014. (This article details the outrage of the press community of the Justice Department’s classification of James Rosen, a Fox News reporter, as a “co-conspirator” criminal in a leak investigation.)
Paulson, Ken. "Federal Shield Law Gathering New Fans." RGJ.com. Gannett, 7 June 2013. Web. 05 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses how a reporter shield law proposal is being revived due to the Justice Department’s subpoenaing the Associated Press’s phone lines)
Peterson, Emily. “WikiLeaks and the Espionage Act of 1917.” rfcp.org. Reporters Committee for Freedom of The Press. Web. 24 Feb 2014.
(This article discusses whether Congress can make it a crime for journalists to publish classified information.)
Priest, Dada, and Arkin, William M. “A Hidden World, Growing Beyond Control.” washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 19 July 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2014 (This investigative report explores the increased spending and growth of “Top Secret America” that is hidden from the public.)
Rosen, Jeffrey, “Speaking Freely”: Your Right to Say It.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 17 April 2005. Web. 18 Jan. 2014.
(This article was a book review of Floyd Abrams’s book, Speaking Freely. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Abrams.)
Savage, Charlie. “Intelligence Chief Announces New Rules to Curb Leaks.” NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 25 June 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. (This article details how the CIA can use lie-detector tests on employees to determine who is leaking classified information to the media. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
Schorr, Daniel. “We Pay a High Price for Government Secrecy.” csmonitor.com. The Christian Science Monitor, 28 March 1997. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. (In this opinion article the author argues that the public’s right to know is more important than government secrecy.)
Shane, Scott. "There Are Leaks. And Then There Are Leaks." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 30 Apr. 2006. Web. 08 Feb. 2014.
(This article discusses security leaks and the different feelings people have about them depending on what is revealed.)
Shane, Scott. “Inquiry Into U.S. Leaks is Casting Chill Over Coverage.” NYTimes.com. The New New York Times, 01 August 2012 Web. 15 Jan. 2014 (This article details how the media is changing its reporting because it is fearful of the leak investigations.)
Solomon, Norman. "Obama's Escalating War on Freedom of the Press." TheHuffingtonPost.com. The Huffington Post, 22 July 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. (This editorial argues that the Obama administration is intensifying a battle against journalists to “choke off” the necessary flow of information to the public.)
Sullivan, Margaret. "A Blow for the Press, and for Democracy." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 27 July 2014. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.
(This article details the press community’s disappointment with the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling and describes how news gathering is threatened.)
Swift, Aisling. “Former CIA Director Goss Talks About CIA in Rare Public Appearance in Naples.” napelsnews.com. Naples News, 19 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. (This article describes a town hall meeting Porter Goss conducted in Naples, Florida. I read this article to prepare for my interview with Mr. Goss.)
The Editorial Board. "A Terrible Precedent for Press Freedom." NYTimes.com. The New York Times, 22 July 2014. Web. 22 Jan. 2014.
(This editorial calls the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in the James Risen case “egregious” and describes how it is a major setback to press freedom.)
Timm, Trevor. “Court Guts Reporter's Privilege in One of the Most Significant Press Freedom Cases in Decades." Pressfreedomfoundation.org. Freedom of the Press Foundation, 20 July 2013. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. (This article discusses the James Risen matter and contends that the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals “eviscerated” the reporters’ privilege.)
Newspaper Articles-
Fitzpatrick, Edward. "Actions Speak Louder Than Words on Press Freedoms." The Providence Journal 23 July 2013: B1. Print.
(This article compares Attorney General Eric Holder’s statement supporting a reporters’ shield law with the legal action he took in the James Risen matter.)
Sununu, John E.. "Wasting Time Defining ‘Journalist’." The Boston Globe 19 Aug. 2013, Opinion sec.: Print.
(In this opinion article a former United States Senator discusses the difficulty in drafting a reporters’ shield law.)
The Editorial Board. "Those AP Subpoenas." The Wall Street Journal 17 May 2013, Review and Outlook sec.: A14. Print.
(This editorial argues that instead of prosecuting leakers that the press and the media should negotiate about publishing sensitive material. It also argues against a reporter’s shield law. This article is accessible on my Moving Forward page.)
Websites and Webpages-
“Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press.” Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press. Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. (This website described about how the Founding Fathers came up with the idea of the First Amendment. It contained research that explained history of the First Amendment.)
“Freedom of the Press History.” 1 FAC Illinois First Amendment Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014.
(This online resource contains research relating to the “five freedoms” of the First Amendment (speech, press, religion, petition and assembly.) I concentrated on freedom of the press material.)
Database Articles-
“Freedom of the Press” West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman. 2nd Ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2005. 503-505. U.S. History in Context. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. (This online database compared different historical press cases and explains the cases opinions. It discussed how the cases have influenced the First Amendment.)
“Pentagon Papers.” The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Vietnam War. Jeff T. Hay. Ed. Charles Zappia. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. 229-230 U.S. History in Context Wed 15 Jan. 2014. (This database article described the scene of the Pentagon Papers. It also details the leakage and why Daniel Ellsberg leaked the information.)
Images-
American Flag. Animation. n.d. flaginternational.com. 11 February 2014.
(This is an animation of the American flag. I used this on my Conclusion Page.)
Bill of Rights. Animation. n.d. freethefirst.com. Web. 30 January 2014.
(This is the Bill of Rights. I used it on my First Amendment page.)
Bill of Rights Scroll. Animation. n.d. teamamericus.com. Web. 04 February 2014.
(This animation show the sroll of a Bill of Rights. I used this on my First Amendment page.)
Blogspot. Logo. n.d. kasab.org. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Blogspot a blogging website. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Classified Stamp. Animation. n.d. thedailysheeple.com. Web. 01 February 2014.
(The classified stamp was to symbol the information was classified. I used this on my home page.)
Colonial Flag. Animation. n.d. blogspot.com. Web. 21 January 2014.
(This animation is the colonial flag. I used it on my Adoption of the First Amendment page.)
Democracy Held Up by Newspapers. Cartoon. n.d. greengirlinc.files.wordpress.com. Web. 17 January 2014.
(This cartoon symbolized my title. I used it on my home page.)
Google. Logo. n.d. iconfinder.com. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Google. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Press Hat. Animation. n.d. aiche.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this photo for decoration. This is on the Moving Forward page)
Reporter. Cartoon. n.d. inlandpolitics.com. Web. 15 January 2014.
(I used this cartoon to symbolize investigative reporting. This is on the home page.)
Supreme Court Crest. Logo. n.d. equalvoiceforfamilies.org. Web. 12 Feb 2014.
(I used this on my Two Weeks in the Courts page for decoration.)
Twitter. Logo. n.d. prconversations.com. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Twitter. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
Wordpress. Logo. n.d. s.w.org. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of Wordpress a blogging website. I used this on my Moving Forward page.)
YouTube. Logo. n.d. ukharp.net. Web. 02 February 2014.
(This logo is of YouTube I used this on my Moving Forward page.)